The iPad Mini Will Be an Awesome EFB - If I Ever Find One

Over on PaperlessCockpit.com, I've been writing about my quest to find an iPad Mini in stores. It's now a month later, and I still haven't had any luck. Best Buy will allow me to place an order (and take my money), but the estimated shipping date is still "Not Available." This is more than a little frustrating. Other online retailers say they have a few iPad Minis in stock, but they're going fast.

The Apple online store says the 16GB WiFi iPad Mini ships in two weeks from order date.

I'm not buying it.

Really, I'm not buying the two week promise, and I'm not giving Apple, or any other retailer, my money based on an ephemeral promise of a two week delivery date.

Apple's little delay is giving me an opportunity to compare some of the other tablet alternatives out there. My wife really loves her year-old Amazon Kindle Fire, and after it was spontaneously "jailbroken", it proved to be an adequate performer, and with a $200 price tag, it was a great value. This year, the $200 Kindle Fire HD is looking very compelling.

Since I dumped iBooks last year due its content being locked in iOS devices and started buying my eBooks via the Kindle eBook Store, the Amazon tablets are really calling to me. I'm even an Amazon Prime member, so a lot of the books I have to pay for on my iPhone or iPad, I could get for free on the Kindle Fire HD.

Apple, are you starting to wonder for whom the bell tolls?

So, I'm about two more days from taking myself out of an iPad Mini and into a Kindle Fire HD.

The following infographic from TechNewsDaily.com doesn't show Amazon Kindle devices, but it still doesn't help the iPad Mini's case.

If you're interested in EFBs and Aviation IT, maybe you should try here instead

I don't update this blog anymore because I'm busy over at PaperlessCockpit.com. We recently put together a community project where we tried to blow up an iPad2 by simulating an explosive decompression in an airplane. We took the pressure from 8,000 feet to 51,000 feet in less than fifteen seconds! That's fast enough to make your eardrums explode. You'll have to go to PaperlessCockpit.com to find out how the iPad performed. Oh, and there's video.

New Website for Aviation Information Technology News

A few months ago, I was asked by the new owners the Paperless Cockpit brand to help create a news source for the rapidly evolving aviation IT market. The result of these efforts is PaperlessCockpit.com.

I've agreed to republish much of the information originally written or this site under my new Plane Geek blog, which is located at PaperlessCockpit.com, and I will be acting as interim Managing Editor for the overall site as it matures.

I don't know what the future will bring for the EFB Pilot blog, but you can find the latest EFB and aviation IT news at PaperlessCockpit.com.

Cheers!

Curtis

NOTE: I should point out that the owners of PaperlessCockpit.com are not affiliated with Paperless Cockpit, Inc. (which closed its doors in 2008), and that the company is not an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) manufacturer.

EFB Guidance Library

Electronic Flight Bag guidance and policy is always evolving, and while following resources are the most pertinent at the time of this writing, new policies and guidance may be available. Operators may use this EFB Guidance Library as a starting point for additional research.

Title 14 CFR Part 91.21: "Portable Electronic Devices"

Traditional EFBs are typically not permanently mounted in the aircraft and are considered Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs). Since as early as 1963, Gerneral Aviation operators flying under Part 91 rules have been able to authorize the use of these PEDs (in the cabin or in the cockpit) using the authority granted under Title 14 CFR Part 91.21: "Portable Electronic Devices". Under Part 91.21, the operator or Pilot In Command may authorize the use of a PED during any phase of flight.

AC 92.21-1A: "Use of Portable Electronic Devices"

AC 92.21-1A, "Use of Portable Electronic Devices", provides guidance on how the Pilot In Command operating under Part 91 rules can evaluate Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) for non-interference and authorize them for use in flight.

Title 14 CFR Part 91.503: "Flying equipment and operating information"

CFR 91.503 lists specific equippage requiements for Part 91 Subpart F Operators (Operators of Large and Turbine-powered Aircraft). Particularly, CFR 91.503 states that charts and checklists shall be accessible to the pilot throughout the flight. Since CFR 91.503 does not specify that charts and other required information must be on paper, displaying that same information on an electronic device is acceptable, provided the operator can demonstrate an equivelent level of safety. As a result, using electronic charts does not alter the CFR 91.503 specific equippage requirements.

NOTE: Part 91F Operators may want to read "Class 1 and Class 2 EFB Operational Approval: Two Roads for Part 91F Operators".

FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A: “Guidelines for the Certification Airworthiness, and Operational Approval of Electronic Flight Bag Computing Devices”

FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A: “Guidelines for the Certification Airworthiness, and Operational Approval of Electronic Flight Bag Computing Devices” provides a framework for defining and implementing EFB solutions in compliance with applicable FAA regulations. Primarily written for aircraft operators who fly under Part 121 or Part 135 rules, or anyone with OpSpecs or MSpecs, AC 120-76A does not directly apply to Part 91 (or Part 91 Subpart F) operators, except as a "best practices" document, or when the EFB is used to replace required equipment.

AC 120-76A seperates EFB hardware into three Classes and EFB software into three Types. It provides guidelines on Human Factors considerations, maintenace and airworthiness requirements, and provides guidance on how the OpSpecs approval process can be applied to the use of EFBs.

AC 120-76A Harware Classes include:

Class 1 EFBs - A Class 1 EFB is Portable Electronic Device (PED) that is usually stowed during critical phases of flight. Typically carry-on, Commercial Off-the Shelf (COTS) systems , Class 1 EFBs can connect to ship's power and read-only data sources. Other than power and data connectivity connectivity, Class 1 EFBs are not subject to airworthiness requirements such as DO-160E, and can run Type A and Type B software applications.

Class 2 EFBs - A Class 2 EFB is still considered a PED and has all of the capabilities of a Class 1 EFB, but it is available for use during critical phase via an airwothy mounting device or kneeboard. Class 2 EFBs are typically COTS systems modified for aircraft use (like the E-Board XP3i), or they are designed specifically for EFB applications (like the FliteServ C2 EFB).

Class 3 EFBs - A Class 3 EFB is essentially an avionics system subject to airworthiness requirements such as DO-160E hardware requirements and DO-178A software requirements. These range from panel mounted MFDs to custom integrated airwothy systems (such as those based on Paperles Cockpit's FliteServ C3 platform).

AC 120-76A Application Types include:

Type A - Type A Applications are typically precomposed, static versions of traditionally paper documents. Under AC 120-76A, Type A Applications:

• May be hosted on any of the hardware classes
• Require Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)/PI approval for OpSpecs holders (i.e. Part 135, Part 121)
• Do not require an AIR design approval
• Are not subject to RTCA DO-178B software requirements

Type B - Type B Applications are typically interactive applications that allow manipulation of the presentation, such as panning and zooming on a chart.Under AC 120-76A, Type B Applications:

• May be hosted on any of the hardware classes
• Require FSDO/PI approval for OpSpecs holders
• Require AEG evaluationfor OpSpecs holders
• Do not require an AIR design approval
• Are not subject to RTCA DO-178B software requirements

Type C - Type C Applications are avionics-grade applications and are subject to airworthings requirements, including DO-178B Software Assurance, AEG evaluation, and AIR design approval.

JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet No. 36: "Approval of Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs)"

JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet No. 36: "Approval of Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs)" is the JAA equivalent of AC-120-76A. TGL 36 and AC 120-76A have been harmonized between the FAA and JAA.

FAA Notice N 8200.98: "Electronic Flight Bag Job Aid"

FAA Notice N 8200.98: "Electronic Flight Bag Job Aid" was written primarily for FAA Inspectors to clarify the application of AC 120-76A and the OpSpecs approval process to the approval of EFBs. In addition to providing extensive evaluation checklists, the EFB Job Aid includes an extensive Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) as well as example letters demonstrating how operators should request the initiation of an EFB evaluation with the FAA.
All operators, including Part 91 Operators, should refer to the EFB Job Aid as a "best practices" document as they establish their internal EFB programs.

This Notice expired in August 2007, but updated guidance based on it is being incorporated into the FAA Inspectors' Handbook.

AC 91-78: "Use of Class 1 or Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)"

AC 91-78, "Use of Class 1 or Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)", provides aircraft owners, operators, and pilots operating aircraft under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, with information for removal of paper aeronautical charts and other documentation from the cockpit through the use of either portable or installed cockpit displays. According to this AC, Class 1 and Class 2 EFB can be used during all phases of flight operations in lieu of paper reference material when the information displayed meets the following criteria:
The EFB system does not replace any system or equipment (e.g. navigation, communication, or surveillance system) that is required by 14 CFR part 91.

The EFB system on board the aircraft displays only precomposed or interactive information which are functionally equivalent to the paper reference material which the information is replacing or is substituted for.

The interactive or precomposed information being used for navigation or performance planning is current, up-to-date, and valid, as verified by the pilot.

The operator complies with requirements of 14 CFR part 91, § 91.21 to ensure that the use of the EFB does not interfere with equipment or systems required for flight.

It further clarifies that the in-flight use of an EFB in lieu of paper reference material is the decision of the aircraft operator and the pilot in command. Any Type A or Type B EFB application, as defined in AC 120-76A may be substituted for the paper equivalent. It requires no formal operational approval as long as the guidelines of this AC are followed.

FAA Notice N 8900.17: "Electronic Flight Bag Systems Used in Aircraft Operated Under 14 CFR Part 91"

FAA Notice N 8900.17," Electronic Flight Bag Systems Used in Aircraft Operated Under 14 CFR Part 91", is the FAA Inspector's clarification AC 91-78, AC 120-76A and Notice N 8200.98. It clarifies several issues pertaining to Part 91 (including Subpart F operators).
According to Notice N 8900.17, the in-flight use of EFB systems to depict images in lieu of paper reference material is the decision of the aircraft operator and the pilot in command. Any Type A or Type B EFB application, as defined in AC 120-76A, may be substituted for the paper equivalent. It is suggested that a secondary or backup source of aeronautical information, or paper reference material necessary for the flight, be available to the pilot in the aircraft. The secondary or backup information may be either traditional paper-based material or displayed electronically by other means. Class 1 and Class 2 EFB systems can be used during all phases of flight operations in lieu of paper reference material

ASIs will not issue approvals or authorizations for Class 1 and Class 2 EFB systems to 14 CFR part 91 operators. Part 91 operators may use EFB systems to depict images in lieu of paper reference materials without approval or acceptance by the FAA. ASIs and AEG inspectors may provide technical advice and guidance to operators when requested to assist them in evaluating their selected EFB systems using AC 120-76A and N 8200.98, but will not issue FAA approvals for the EFB systems hardware and software applications.

Class 1 and Class 2 EFB Operational Approval: Two Roads for Part 91F Operators

While the term “Electronic Flight Bag” only came into fashion in the late 1990’s, the concept of using portable computing equipment to improve aircraft flight operations has been around for more than three decades. Devices like the Electronic E6B have greatly reduced pilot workload and improved flight safety, and Part 91 operators, since as early as 1963, have been able to approve the use of these devices under the authority (and responsibility) granted by Title 14 CFR Part 91.21 “Portable Electronic Devices”.

Using Part 91.21 authority, the Part 91 operator or Pilot In Command (PIC) may approve the use of Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) as long as he determines that the PED does not interfere with the proper function of the aircraft (FAA Advisory Circular 92.21-1A, “Use of Portable Electronic Devices” provides guidance on how the PIC or operator can determine non-interference under Part 91.21 rules).

With advances in microprocessor technology, PEDs increased in capability and complexity at a startling rate. Relatively simple electronic devices like the pocket calculator became valuable aviation tools. Within a relatively short period of time, the pocket calculator evolved into the electronic E6B, and ultimately the EFB. As with the electronic E6B, Part 91 operators continue to use the Part 91.21 authority to approve the use of EFBs.

Operators governed by OpSpecs and MSpecs faced higher hurdles in their attempts to use these devices. A lack of guidance for Inspectors, FSDOs and the operators themselves made approval of EFBs (and other PEDs) difficult, particularly for operators who desired to use the EFB during critical phases of flight or to replace paper information sources with electronic information sources.

Effective in March of 2003, in order to clarify EFB operational and airworthiness issues for all operators, the FAA issued Advisory Circular 120-76A, “Guidelines for the Certification Airworthiness, and Operational Approval of Electronic Flight Bag Computing Devices.” Primarily written to address installation issues and operational approval for holders of OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121, Part 125) or MSpecs (Part 91, Subpart K), AC 120-76A describes how operators and inspectors can apply the existing the OpSpec and MSpec approval process to EFBs.

Despite AC 120-76A’s best efforts, it leaves many questions unanswered for inspectors and OpSpec or MSpec holders. The adoption of Class 1 and Class 2 EFB solutions by these operators proved difficult using only guidance found in the EFB Advisory Circular. Some large charter operators and airlines began carving their way through AC 120-76A, but most small and mid-size operators chose to wait for further clarification.

While EFB operational approval through the EFB Advisory Circular for OpSpecs and MSpec holders remains a challenge, AC 120-76A simplifies EFB operational approval for Part 91F operators by clearly stating:

As defined in this AC, Class 1 and 2 EFBs are considered PEDs.

Since PED operational approval is already authorized under Part 91.21, further FAA operational approval to use Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs in Part 91 operations is not required as long as the EFB does not replace any required systems or equipment. This reaffirmation of Part 91 operational authority spurred rapid adoption of EFB technology among Part 91 operators, and AC 120-76A continues to serve as an excellent “best practices” document for these operators as they design and implement their own EFB programs.

Operators flying large and turbine powered aircraft under Part 91 Subpart F rules also recognize the significant advantages in adopting EFBs. While the prospect of eliminating mounds of paper charts (and the cumbersome revision process) is incentive enough for many Part 91F Operators, the potential for increased safety and operational efficiency that EFBs offer is difficult to ignore. Unfortunately, initial adoption of EFBs by these Operators proved difficult because of the following statement in AC 120-76A:

This guidance material also applies to operators of large and turbine-powered multi-engine aircraft operating under 14 CFR Part 91, Subpart F where the operating regulations require specific functionality and/or equipage.

The “specific functionality and/or equipage” required by Part 91F Operators is detailed in Title 14 CFR Part 91.503, and includes (emphasis added):

(a) The pilot in command of an airplane shall ensure that the following flying equipment and aeronautical charts and data, in current and appropriate form, are accessible for each flight at the pilot station of the airplane:
(1) A flashlight having at least two size "D" cells, or the equivalent, that is in good working order.
(2) A cockpit checklist containing the procedures required by paragraph (b) of this section.
(3) Pertinent aeronautical charts.
(4) For IFR, VFR over-the-top, or night operations, each pertinent navigational en route, terminal area, and approach and letdown chart.
(5) In the case of multiengine airplanes, one-engine inoperative climb performance data.
(b) Each cockpit checklist must contain the following procedures and shall be used by the flight crewmembers when operating the airplane:
(1) Before starting engines.
(2) Before takeoff.
(3) Cruise.
(4) Before landing.
(5) After landing.
(6) Stopping engines.
(7) Emergencies.
(c) Each emergency cockpit checklist procedure required by paragraph (b)(7) of this section must contain the following procedures, as appropriate:
(1) Emergency operation of fuel, hydraulic, electrical, and mechanical systems.
(2) Emergency operation of instruments and controls.
(3) Engine inoperative procedures.
(4) Any other procedures necessary for safety.
(d) The equipment, charts, and data prescribed in this section shall be used by the pilot in command and other members of the flight crew, when pertinent.

Neither AC 120-76A, nor any other FAA regulations or policy, explains how the specific equipage requirements listed in Part 91.503 apply to Class 1 and Class 2 EFB usage. As a result of this lack of additional guidance or clarification, and based upon historical common practices, Operators and FSDOs developed the following widely accepted interpretation of the 91F “specific equipage” statement in AC 120-76A:

1. Title 14 CFR Part 91.503 states that aeronautical charts are required “in current and appropriate form.” The FAA does not define “current and appropriate form”, nor does it specify chart medium, nor are any chart publications in paper format (i.e. Jeppesen or NOAA) officially “blessed” by the FAA. The PIC or operator bears the responsibility and authority for determining what “current and appropriate” means under Part 91.503. If the Part 91F operator determines that the chart information is current (i.e. clearly indicated revision cycle), and provides all of the necessary information in an understandable format, or is trusted by the operator as accurate and complete, then the operator is in compliance Part 91.503.
2. Part 91F operators still fall under the auspices of Part 91, and so retain both the authority and responsibility under Part 91.21 for approving the use of PEDs, including electronic E6Bs, cabin laptops, and Class 1 or Class 2 EFBs.
3. FSDOs have neither the authority, nor responsibility, nor process for issuing the operational approval for a PED unless the PED alters or replaces equipment or systems required under Part 91, or if alters the specific equipage or functionality required under Part 91, Subpart F.
4. Because Part 91 and Part 91F operators do not have OpSpecs, FSDOs do not have a mechanism for issuing specific operational approvals to Part 91 and Part 91F operators other than a Letter of Authorization (LOA) necessitated by a change in Part 91.503 equipage or functionality, or other change in Part 91 operating requirements.

Because the other operational guidance in AC 120-76A cannot be directly applied to Part 91F operators, application of AC 120-76A for Part 91F operators is limited to maintenance functions (i.e. installing power sources or mounting brackets), or to serve as a “best-practices” document used to develop their own internal procedures, operational evaluation, and approval under Part 91.21 and Part 91.503 rules.

According to AC 102-76A, the Advisory Circular itself “does not constitute a regulation but sets forth an acceptable means, but not the only means, for operators … to obtain both certification and approval for the operational use of EFBs.” Because AC 120-76A is not regulatory in nature, and other means for achieving operational approval have been clearly established, Part 91F operators may utilize those means to facilitate EFB operational approval.

Thousands of Part 91F operators have used their Part 91.21 authority in compliance with Part 91.503 to operationally approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs and have logged countless flight hours using these EFBs as their primary source of charts. These operators, based on existing FARs and industry “best practices” have established an effective and legal means of operationally approving Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs. AC 120-76A continues to serve as an excellent source of reference for these operators as they develop their own internal EFB operational policies and procedures. Where the guidance in AC 120-76A does not clearly apply to Part 91F Operators, these Operators must refer back to the following statement in the EFB Advisory Circular (emphasis added):

This AC does not constitute a regulation but sets forth an acceptable means, but not the only means, for operators conducting flight operations under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, 121, 125, 129, or 135, to obtain both certification and approval for the operational use of EFBs.

Recognizing the need for additional clarification of AC 120-76A, in October of 2006, the FAA released Notice N 8200.98, "Electronic Flight Bag Job Aid" to Flight Standards District Offices (FSDO) across the county. Intended for primarily use by FAA principal inspectors (PIs), the Job Aid resolves many questions pertaining to Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) installation and operational approval for air carriers and OpSpecs holders. Unfortunately, the new guidance can prove confusing or misleading to operators of large and turbine powered aircraft flying under Part 91 rules.

The benefits of the EFB Job Aid for OpSpecs and MSpecs holders is clear: it clarifies the approval process, provides a series of comprehensive checklists so inspectors and operators know what is required in an EFB program, and gives numerous useful examples and scenarios for operators and inspectors to follow. In summary, this new streamlined process is:

1. The operator submits a letter to indicating a desire to receive EFB operational approval.
2. The operator develops and submits an EFB approval plan.
3. The FAA reviews and approves the plan.
4. The operator implements the plan (which may include a six month evaluation period).
5. The FAA issues final approval in the form of an OpSpecs or MSpecs Amendment.

The ultimate result for the operator is a well-executed, comprehensive EFB program that is officially “blessed” by the FAA via OpSpec A025 (for Part 135, 121, and 125 operators) or MSpec M025 (for Part 91K operators).

According to the EFB Job Aid, Part 91F operators may also seek EFB operational approval using the process described in the Job Aid, but with some modification to accommodate the differences between Part 91 operators and operators with OpSpecs or MSpecs. According to the EFB Job Aid:

91F operators may have requirements specified by an aircraft certification TC/STC and/or in an FSB report. At the moment, the only documentation for Part 91F operators would be evidence of compliance with the requirements associated with TC/STC and/or FSB Report(s).

For Part 91F operators seeking operational approval via the EFB Job Aid, the Flight Standardization Board (FSB) report is the authorizing mechanism. To generate an FSB report, an inspector assigned to the board for the particular Type Certificated aircraft evaluates a combination of EFB hardware, software, mounting provisions, power provisions, datalink connectivity, and operational backup for that particular airframe. Since variations in any of these areas can significantly affect operational use, each variation to be used must be specifically evaluated in a separate FSB report for each airframe.

For instance, identical EFB hardware and software are installed on a Cessna Citation X and a Bombardier Aerospace Challenger 604. Despite identical functionality of the EFBs, differences in mounting locations or flight deck configurations require different egress procedures. Differences in aircraft power provisions require different operational backup procedires. Variations in mounting devices used on the same airframe can affect normal system operation as well as operation of the system during emergency procedures. The FSB report is a formal mechanism for identifying these issues and providing recommendations on how they can be operationally mitigated on a particular airframe.

Considering the thousands of general and business aviation operators using or planning to use Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs in large and turbine powered aircraft, many Part 91F operators have expressed concerns about the FAA’s capacity to perform these FSB evaluations. Under current FAA policy, the Flight Standardization Board has no mechanism to delegate FSB evaluations to DER test pilots or other inspectors, and FSB members for the particular aircraft Type Certificate must perform these evaluations as their schedules permit. While much of the actual FSB evaluation may be performed with the EFB equipment and applications in a simulated environment, some procedures may require flight testing or additional in-depth evaluations. Considering the number of Part 135, 121 and 125 operators pursuing operational approval under the guidance of the EFB Job Aid, FSB inspectors face a potential bottleneck in the FSB report workload as more Part 91F operators pursue approval through the FSB report.

Unlike the Approved Model List (AML) STC process, there is no mechanism to allow a single FSB report for a particular EFB model to cover multiple airframes. Additionally, EFB manufacturers have no direct route to pursue FSB evaluations without working through an operator. With thousands of Part 91F operators flying more than one hundred different Type Certificated aircraft using dozens of EFB platforms (which may also change every six to twelve months) and constantly evolving software applications, the FAA and FSB face significant challenges in meeting the additional demand from Part 91F EFB users.

Regardless of these, the resulting FSB report addresses critical issues Part 91F operators should address when implementing EFBs in their particular aircraft. Since Part 91F operators lack OpSpecs or MSpecs, their operational approval process concludes once the recommendations of the FSB report are met. Unlike a Letter of Authorization (LOA), which provides specific authorization to deviate from standard operating regulations (i.e. RVSM authorization), the FSB report does not explicitly grant operational approval for Part 91F operators. Instead, it provides an acceptable means of demonstrating an equivalent level of safety compared to using paper-based information sources and can be used to support their EFB usage during a “ramp check”.

Ultimately, Part 91F operators who apply for operational approval for Class 1 or Class 2 EFBs through the EFB Job Aid conclude the process by exercising their Pilot-In Command-Authority to approve the use of a Portable Electronic Device under Part 91.21 rules. The FSB report provides the supporting documentation to demonstrate that EFB applications do not alter the specific equipage and operating requirements under Part 91.503. Any EFB application that does alter Part 91.503 requirements would require an LOA or other specific authorization.

Regardless of whether Part 91F operators choose to seek Class 1 or Class 2 EFB operational approval via the formal process outlined in the EFB Job Aid, or whether they choose operational approval using their Part 91.21 authority, the single overriding requirement for all operators is that they must demonstrate and equivalent level of safety when transitioning from traditional paper-based information sources to electronic sources. The EFB Job Aid’s FSB evaluation provides a means of ensuring that that equivalent level of safety is met, and the FSB report document is clear proof to field inspectors that the equivalent level of safety is met.

Operators independently using their Part 91.21 authority to authorize Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs should be prepared to demonstrate more than non-interference per Part 91.21 when “ramp checked”: they should also be prepared to demonstrate that any information required under Part 91.503 is just as complete, accurate, current, and reliable in electronic format as it is in paper. For operators who choose not to utilize the EFB Job Aid process, the burden falls on the operator to perform a complete and thorough evaluation of the EFB hardware and software in his aircraft, and to develop the necessary policies and procedures to ensure all pilots are adequately trained, all information is current, and an equivalent level of safety is maintained at all times. AC 120-76A and the EFB Job Aid are excellent “best practices” documents for Part 91F operators to use during their own independent operational approval of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs.